7,8-dihydoxyflavone and 7,8-substituted flavone derivatives, compositions, and methods related thereto

ABSTRACT

In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to 7,8-dihydoxyflavone and 7,8-substituted flavone derivatives, such as those described by formula provided herein, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods related thereto. In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to methods of treating or preventing diseases or conditions related to BDNF and TrkB activity, such as psychiatric disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and autism spectrum disorders, stroke, Rett syndrome, Parkinson&#39;s disease, and Alzheimer&#39;s disease by administering effective amounts of pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated that the 7,8-substituted flavone derivatives disclosed herein are prodrugs of 7,8-dihydoxyflavone and analogs.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/593,654, filed on May 12, 2017, which is a division of U.S.application Ser. No. 14/437,232, filed on Apr. 21, 2015, which is a U.S.national stage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT/US2013/067972,filed on Nov. 1, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/722,339, filed Nov. 5, 2012, and U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/845,399, filed Jul. 12, 2013. The above-listedapplications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY FUNDED RESEARCH

This invention was made with government support under grant numberR01DC010204 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The governmenthas certain rights in the invention.

FIELD

In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to 7,8-dihydoxyflavoneand 7,8-substituted flavone derivatives, such as those described byformula provided herein, pharmaceutical compositions, and methodsrelated thereto. In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates tomethods of treating or preventing diseases or conditions related to BDNFand TrkB activity, such as psychiatric disorders, depression,post-traumatic stress disorder, and autism spectrum disorders, stroke,Rett syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease byadministering effective amounts of pharmaceutical compositionscomprising compounds disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof. Incertain embodiments, it is contemplated that the 7,8-substituted flavonederivatives disclosed herein are prodrugs of 7,8-dihydoxyflavone andanalogs.

BACKGROUND

Neurotrophins are growth factors regulate the development andmaintenance of the peripheral and the central nervous system.Brain-derived neutrotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of theneurotrophin family, which includes nerve growth factor (NGF), NT-3 andNT-4/5. BDNF binding to its cognate receptor, TrkB, triggers itsdimerization through conformational changes and autophosphorylation oftyrosine residues, resulting in activation of the three major signalingpathways—mitogen-activated protein (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K) and phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1). Various studies have shown linksbetween BDNF and TrkB to conditions such as depression, schizophrenia,obsessive-compulsive disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington'sdisease, Rett syndrome, and dementia, as well as anorexia nervosa andbulimia nervosa. See Dwivedi, Neutopsychiatric Disease and Treatment,2009, 5: 433-49; Xiu et al., Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology andBiological Psychiatry, 2009, 33(8):1508-12; Maina et al., Journal ofAffective Disorders, 2010, 122(1-2):174-8; Zuccato et al., NatureReviews Neurology, 2009, 5(6):311-22; Zajac et al., 2010, Hippocampus 20(5): 621-36; Zeev et al., Neurology, 2009, 72 (14): 1242-7; Arancio etal., 2007, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 17 (3): 325-30; Mercader etal, Neuropsychobiology, 2007, 56 (4): 185-90; Kaplan et al.,International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2008 41 (1): 22-8. Epigeneticenhancement of BDNF signaling rescues synaptic plasticity in aging. SeeZeng et al., J. Neuroscience, 2011, 31(49):17800-17810.7,8-dihydroxyflavone reverses memory deficits and BACE1 elevation in amouse model of Alzheimer's disease. See Devi & Ohno,Neuropsychopharmacology, 2012, 37(2):434-44.

It has been reported that certain 7,8-dihydroxyflavone derivativespromote neurogenesis and exhibits potent antidepressant effects. See Liuet al., J Med Chem, 2010, 53 (23), pp 8274-8286. See alsoWO/2010/011836, WO/2010/107866, and WO 2011/156479. As7,8-dihydroxyflavone derivatives are catechol and phenyl containingcompounds, they are prone to be cleared in the circulatory systemfollowing oxidation, glucuronidation, sulfation or methylation. Thus,there is a need to identify improved flavone derivatives with improvedpharmacokinetic properties.

The health benefits of flavonoid compounds have been reported in anumber of references, including neuroprotective and anti-cancerproperties. See Chiruta et al., 2012, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry,55, 378-89; Sousa et al., 2012, European Journal of Organic Chemistry,1, 132-43; Sivakumar et al., PCT Appl. No. US 2010/0179210. Derivativesof 3-hydroxyquinolone compounds have also been previously synthesizedwith reports of their fluorescence and biological activities disclosed.See Yushchenko et al., 2006, Tetrahedron Letters, 47, 905-8; Krejci etal., PCT Appl. No. US 2010/0022587.

A prodrug is a pharmacological substance that is administered and issubsequently converted to an active pharmacological agent through normalmetabolic processes. Enzymes are involved in the bioconversion ofester-based prodrugs. See Liederer &, Borchardt, J Pharm Sci, 2006,95(6):1177-95.

The references cited hereby are not an admission of prior art.

SUMMARY

In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to 7,8-dihydoxyflavoneand 7,8-substituted flavone derivatives, such as those described byformula provided herein, pharmaceutical compositions, and methodsrelated thereto. In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates tomethods of treating or preventing diseases or conditions related to BDNFand TrkB activity, such as psychiatric disorders, depression,post-traumatic stress disorder, and autism spectrum disorders, stroke,Rett syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease byadministering effective amounts of pharmaceutical compositionscomprising compounds disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof. Incertain embodiments, it is contemplated that the 7,8-substituted flavonederivatives disclosed herein are prodrugs of 7,8-dihydoxyflavone andanalogs.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure related to a compound comprisingFormula I:

or salts thereof wherein

X is O, S, or NH;

U and Y are each O, S, NH, Nalkyl, or CH₂;

Z is hydrogen, amino, diaminoalkyl, or heterocyclyl such as pyrrolidinyloptionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R¹⁵;

R¹ is independently selected alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy,amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio,alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl,carbocyclyl, or aryl, wherein R¹ is optionally substituted with one ormore, the same or different, R¹⁵;

R² is alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl,carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino,alkylsulfinyl, alkyl sulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, orheterocyclyl, wherein R² is optionally substituted with one or more, thesame or different, R¹⁵;

R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are each individually and independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto,formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,(alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkyl sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl,carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, andR⁹ are optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,R¹⁵;

R¹⁵ is independently selected alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy,amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio,alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl,carbocyclyl, or aryl, wherein R¹⁵ is optionally substituted with one ormore, the same or different, R¹⁶; and

R¹⁶ is halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy,trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl,methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino,ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino,acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl,N,N-diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl, methylthio, ethylthio,methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, mesyl, ethyl sulfonyl, methoxycarbonyl,ethoxycarbonyl, N-methylsulfamoyl, N-ethylsulfamoyl,N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl, N,N-diethylsulfamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylsulfamoyl,carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure contemplates compositionscomprising compounds disclosed herein in greater than 90%, 95%, or 98%purity by weight.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising compounds disclosed herein and apharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In certain embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition is in the form of a tablet, capsule, pill, orsolution for injection. In certain embodiments, it is contemplated thatthe pharmaceutical composition comprises greater than 0.1%, 1%, 5%, 10%,20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% of a compound disclosed herein by weight.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to methods of preventingor treating a BDNF and TrkB related disease or condition comprising theadministering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical compositiondisclosed herein, to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, thesubject is diagnosed with, exhibiting symptoms of, or at risk of thedisease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isdepression, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexianervosa, bulimia nervosa, anxiety, amytrophic later sclerosis, Autismspectrum disorders, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Rett'ssyndrome, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, dementia, diabetic neuropathy,peripheral neuropathy, obesity, peripheral nerve injury, pain, orstroke.

In certain embodiments, the disease is depression and the pharmaceuticalcomposition is administered in combination with an anti-depressant suchas a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor such as citalopram,escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, orvilazodone, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor such asdesvenlafaxine, duloxetine, milnacipran, venlafaxine, a noradrenergicand specific serotonergic antidepressant such as mianserin andmirtazapine, a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor such as atomoxetine,mazindol, reboxetine, viloxazine, a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptakeinhibitor such as bupropion, a selective serotonin reuptake enhancersuch as tianeptine and amineptine, a norepinephrine-dopaminedisinhibitor such as agomelatine, a tricyclic antidepressant such asamitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine,desipramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitorsuch as isocarboxazid, moclobemide, phenelzine, selegiline,tranylcypromine.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure contemplates treatment orprevention of dementia, Alzheimer's, or Parkinson's disease byadministering 7,8-dihydroxyflavone and derivatives disclosed herein incombination with a dementia agent such as levodopa, carbidopa,pramipexole, rotigotine, ropinirole, artane, cogentin, amantadine,deprenyl, donepezil, galantamine, memantine, rivastigmine, tacrine, andvitamin E. In certain embodiments, the disclosure contemplatespharmaceutical agents comprising combinations of these therapeutics.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a compounddisclosed herein in the production of a medicament for the treatment orprevention of a BDNF and TrkB related disease or condition.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure contemplates method of producingcompounds disclosed herein comprising mixing starting materials with7,8-dihydroxyflavone or derivatives under conditions such that thecompounds are formed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates various embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a method of preparing embodiments ofthis disclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates various embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 4 show data indicating R₁₃ improves 7,8-DHF oral bioavailabilityand brain concentrations. Top, brain 7,8-DHF concentration after oraladministration of parent compound or R₁₃ prodrug. Middle and bottom,7,8-DHF plasma and brain concentrations comparison after oraladministration of parent compound or R₁₃.

FIG. 5 shows data indicating plasma 7,8-DHF concentration afteradministering R₇ is higher than parent 7,8-DHF via oral administration.Two months old mice were orally administrated 78 mg/kg of the R₇, andmice were sacrificed at different time points (n=3), the plasma was thenharvested and analyzed by HPLC/MS. The ratio of AUC_(last) of R7 versusparent drug is 7.2 folds.

FIG. 6 shows data indicate that R7 administration triggers TrkBactivation and its downstream Akt signaling activation in mouse brain.R7 (78 mg/kg equal to about 50 mg/kg of 7,8-DHF) was administeredorally. The mice were sacrificed at different intervals. The brainlysates were analyzed by immunobotting with various antibodies includingp-TrkB 816, Total TrkB, p-Akt and total Akt.

DETAILED DISCUSSION Terms

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skillin the art to which this disclosure belongs. In the event that there isa plurality of definitions for a term herein, those in this sectionprevail unless stated otherwise.

It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for thepurpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intendedto be limiting, since the scope of the present disclosure will belimited only by the appended claims.

As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading thisdisclosure, each of the individual embodiments described and illustratedherein has discrete components and features which may be readilyseparated from or combined with the features of any of the other severalembodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the presentdisclosure.

Embodiments of the present disclosure will employ, unless otherwiseindicated, techniques of synthetic organic chemistry, biochemistry,biology, molecular biology, pharmacology, and the like, which are withinthe skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in theliterature.

It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appendedclaims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referentsunless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In this specification andin the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of termsthat shall be defined to have the following meanings unless a contraryintention is apparent.

As used herein a “flavone” refers to any compound comprising a2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one ring system.

As used herein, “alkyl” means a noncyclic straight chain or branched,unsaturated or saturated hydrocarbon such as those containing from 1 to10 carbon atoms, typically 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Within any embodiments,herein alkyl may refer to an alkyl with 1 to 6 carbons (C₁₋₆alkyl).Representative saturated straight chain alkyls include methyl, ethyl,n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-septyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, andthe like; while saturated branched alkyls include isopropyl, sec-butyl,isobutyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, and the like. Unsaturated alkylscontain at least one double or triple bond between adjacent carbon atoms(referred to as an “alkenyl” or “alkynyl”, respectively). Representativestraight chain and branched alkenyls include ethylenyl, propylenyl,1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, isobutylenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl,3-methyl-1-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, and thelike; while representative straight chain and branched alkynyls includeacetylenyl, propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl,3-methyl-1-butynyl, and the like.

Non-aromatic mono or polycyclic alkyls are referred to herein as“carbocycles” or “carbocyclyl” groups. Representative saturatedcarbocycles include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,and the like; while unsaturated carbocycles include cyclopentenyl andcyclohexenyl, and the like.

“Heterocarbocycles” or heterocarbocyclyl” groups are carbocycles whichcontain from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,oxygen and sulfur which may be saturated or unsaturated (but notaromatic), monocyclic or polycyclic, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfurheteroatoms may be optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom maybe optionally quaternized. Heterocarbocycles include morpholinyl,pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, hydantoinyl, valerolactamyl,oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl,tetrahydropyridinyl, tetrahydroprimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl,tetrahydrothiopyranyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl,tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and the like.

“Aryl” means an aromatic carbocyclic monocyclic or polycyclic ring suchas phenyl or naphthyl. Polycyclic ring systems may, but are not requiredto, contain one or more non-aromatic rings, as long as one of the ringsis aromatic.

As used herein, “heteroaryl” refers an aromatic heterocarbocycle having1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, andcontaining at least 1 carbon atom, including both mono- and polycyclicring systems. Polycyclic ring systems may, but are not required to,contain one or more non-aromatic rings, as long as one of the rings isaromatic. Representative heteroaryls are furyl, benzofuranyl,thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, azaindolyl,pyridyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, benzoxazolyl,pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, thiazolyl, benzothiazolyl,isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl,cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl. It is contemplated that theuse of the term “heteroaryl” includes N-alkylated derivatives such as a1-methylimidazol-5-yl substituent.

As used herein, “heterocycle” or “heterocyclyl” refers to mono- andpolycyclic ring systems having 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected fromnitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and containing at least 1 carbon atom. Themono- and polycyclic ring systems may be aromatic, non-aromatic ormixtures of aromatic and non-aromatic rings. Heterocycle includesheterocarbocycles, heteroaryls, and the like.

“Alkylthio” refers to an alkyl group as defined above with the indicatednumber of carbon atoms attached through a sulfur bridge. An example ofan alkylthio is methylthio, (i.e., —S—CH₃).

“Alkoxy” refers to an alkyl group as defined above with the indicatednumber of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge. Examples ofalkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy,i-propoxy, n-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, n-pentoxy, and s-pentoxy.Preferred alkoxy groups are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy,n-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy.

“Alkylamino” refers an alkyl group as defined above attached through anamino bridge. An example of an alkylamino is methylamino, (i.e.,—NH—CH₃).

“Alkyloxycarbonyl” refers to an alkyl as defined above attached througha carboxy bridge (i.e., —(C═O)Oalkyl.

“Alkylcarbamoyl” refers to an alkyl as defined above attached through acarbonyl bridge (i.e., —(C═O)NHalkyl).

“Alkanoyl” refers to an alkyl as defined above attached through acarbonyl bridge (i.e., —(C═O)alkyl).

“Alkylsulfonyl” refers to an alkyl as defined above attached through asulfonyl bridge (i.e., —S(═O)₂alkyl) such as mesyl and the like, and“Arylsulfonyl” refers to an aryl attached through a sulfonyl bridge(i.e., —S(═O)₂aryl).

“Alkylsulfonamide” refers to an alkyl as defined above attached througha sulfamoyl bridge (i.e., —S(═O)₂NHalkyl), and an “Arylsulfonamide”refers to an alkyl attached through a sulfamoyl bridge (i.e., (i.e.,—S(═O)₂NHaryl).

“Alkylsulfinyl” refers to an alkyl as defined attached through asulfinyl bridge (i.e. —S(═O)alkyl).

The terms “halogen” and “halo” refer to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, andiodine.

The term “substituted” refers to a molecule wherein at least onehydrogen atom is replaced with a substituent. When substituted, one ormore of the groups are “substituents.” The molecule may be multiplysubstituted. In the case of an oxo substituent (“═O”), two hydrogenatoms are replaced. Example substituents within this context may includehalogen, hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, oxo, carbocyclyl,carbocycloalkyl, heterocarbocyclyl, heterocarbocycloalkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —NR_(a)R_(b), —NR_(a)C(═O)R_(b),—NR_(a)C(═O)NR_(a)NR_(b), —NR_(a)C(═O)OR_(b), —NR_(a)SO₂R_(b),—C(═O)R_(a), —C(═O)OR_(a), —C(═O)NR_(a)R_(b), —OC(═O)NR_(a)R_(b),—OR_(a), —SR_(a), —SOR_(a), —S(═O)₂R_(a), —OS(═O)₂R_(a) and—S(═O)₂OR_(a). R_(a) and R_(b) in this context may be the same ordifferent and independently hydrogen, halogen hydroxyl, alkyl, alkoxy,alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, carbocyclyl, carbocycloalkyl,heterocarbocyclyl, heterocarbocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl,heteroarylalkyl.

The term “optionally substituted,” as used herein, means thatsubstitution is optional and therefore it is possible for the designatedatom to be unsubstituted.

As used herein, “salts” refer to derivatives of the disclosed compoundswhere the parent compound is modified making acid or base salts thereof.Examples of salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organicacid salts of basic residues such as amines, alkylamines, ordialkylamines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such ascarboxylic acids; and the like. In preferred embodiment the salts areconventional nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable salts including thequaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, and non-toxicinorganic or organic acids. Preferred salts include those derived frominorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic,phosphoric, nitric and the like; and the salts prepared from organicacids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic,malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic,phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic,2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethanedisulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, and the like.

“Subject” refers any animal, preferably a human patient, livestock, ordomestic pet.

As used herein, the terms “prevent” and “preventing” include theprevention of the recurrence, spread or onset. It is not intended thatthe present disclosure be limited to complete prevention. In someembodiments, the onset is delayed, or the severity of the disease isreduced.

As used herein, the terms “treat” and “treating” are not limited to thecase where the subject (e.g. patient) is cured and the disease iseradicated. Rather, embodiments, of the present disclosure alsocontemplate treatment that merely reduces symptoms, and/or delaysdisease progression.

As used herein, the term “combination with” when used to describeadministration with an additional treatment means that the agent may beadministered prior to, together with, or after the additional treatment,or a combination thereof.

As used herein, the term “derivative” refers to a structurally similarcompound that retains sufficient functional attributes of the identifiedanalogue. The derivative may be structurally similar because it islacking one or more atoms, substituted, a salt, in differenthydration/oxidation states, or because one or more atoms within themolecule are switched, such as, but not limited to, replacing an oxygenatom with a sulphur atom or replacing an amino group with a hydroxylgroup. The derivative may be a prodrug. Derivatives may be prepare byany variety of synthetic methods or appropriate adaptations presented insynthetic or organic chemistry text books, such as those provide inMarch's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, andStructure, Wiley, 6th Edition (2007) Michael B. Smith or DominoReactions in Organic Synthesis, Wiley (2006) Lutz F. Tietze herebyincorporated by reference.

An “excipient” refers to an inert substance added to a pharmaceuticalcomposition to further facilitate administration of a compound.Examples, without limitation, of excipients include calcium carbonate,calcium phosphate, various sugars and types of starch, cellulosederivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils and polyethylene glycols.

Compounds

In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to compounds Formula I:

or salts thereof wherein

X is O, S, or NH;

U and Y are each O, S, NH, Nalkyl, or CH₂;

Z is hydrogen, amino, diaminoalkyl, or heterocyclyl such as pyrrolidinyloptionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R¹⁵;

R¹ is alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl,carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino,alkylsulfinyl, alkyl sulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, or aryl,wherein R¹ is optionally substituted with one or more, the same ordifferent, R¹⁵;

R² is alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl,carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino,alkylsulfinyl, alkyl sulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, orheterocyclyl, wherein R² is optionally substituted with one or more, thesame or different, R¹⁵;

R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are each individually and independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto,formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,(alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkyl sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl,carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, andR⁹ are optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,R¹⁵;

R¹⁵ is independently selected alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy,amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio,alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl,carbocyclyl, or aryl, wherein R¹⁵ is optionally substituted with one ormore, the same or different, R¹⁶; and

R¹⁶ is halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy,trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl,methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino,ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino,acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl,N,N-diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl, methylthio, ethylthio,methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, mesyl, ethyl sulfonyl, methoxycarbonyl,ethoxycarbonyl, N-methylsulfamoyl, N-ethylsulfamoyl,N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl, N,N-diethylsulfamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylsulfamoyl,carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, —O(C═O)—U—R¹ and/or —O(C═O)—Y—R² are an aminoacid ester or polypeptide ester.

In certain embodiments, X is O.

In certain embodiments, R⁷ and R⁹ are a halogen, one of or both.

In certain embodiments, Z is hydrogen or a nonaromatic heterocyclyl bondto the phenyl ring through a nitrogen heteroatom.

In certain embodiments, U and Y are oxygen.

In certain embodiments, U and Y are NH or Nalkyl; and R¹ and R² arealkyl.

In certain embodiments, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, the compound is selected from:

4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl bis(methylcarbamate);

4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl dipropionate;

4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl bis(2,2-dimethylpropanoate);

diethyl (4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl) dicarbonate;

4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl bis(ethylcarbamate);

4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl bis(dimethylcarbamate); and

4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diylbis(3-methylbutanoate) or saltsthereof.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to compounds Formula II:

or salts thereof wherein

X is O, S, or NH;

Z is hydrogen, amino, diaminoalkyl, or heterocyclyl such as pyrrolidinyloptionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R¹⁵;

R¹ and R² are a heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one or more,the same or different, R¹⁵; or

R¹ is alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl,carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino,alkylsulfinyl, alkyl sulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, or aryl,wherein R¹ is optionally substituted with one or more, the same ordifferent, R¹⁵;

R² is alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl,carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino,alkylsulfinyl, alkyl sulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, orheterocyclyl, wherein R² is optionally substituted with one or more, thesame or different, R¹⁵;

R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are each individually and independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto,formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,(alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkyl sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl,carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, andR⁹ are optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,R¹⁵;

R¹⁵ is independently selected alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy,amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio,alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl,carbocyclyl, or aryl, wherein R¹⁵ is optionally substituted with one ormore, the same or different, R¹⁶; and

R¹⁶ is halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy,trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl,methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino,ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino,acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl,N,N-diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl, methylthio, ethylthio,methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, mesyl, ethyl sulfonyl, methoxycarbonyl,ethoxycarbonyl, N-methylsulfamoyl, N-ethylsulfamoyl,N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl, N,N-diethylsulfamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylsulfamoyl,carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, —O(C═O)—R¹ and/or —O(C═O)—R² are an amino acidester or polypeptide ester.

In certain embodiments, X is O.

In certain embodiments, R⁷ and R⁹ are a halogen, one of or both.

In certain embodiments, Z is hydrogen or a nonaromatic heterocyclyl bondto the phenyl ring through a nitrogen heteroatom.

In certain embodiments, R¹ and R² are pyridinyl.

In certain embodiments, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, the compound is4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl diisonicotinate.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to compounds Formula III:

or salts thereof wherein

n are each individually and independently 1 to 22;

X is O, S, or NH;

Z is hydrogen, amino, diaminoalkyl, or heterocyclyl such as pyrrolidinyloptionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R¹⁵;

R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², and R¹³ are each individually and independently hydrogen,alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy,carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkyl amino, (alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl,alkyl sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl,wherein R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², and R¹³ are optionally substituted with one ormore, the same or different, R¹⁵,

R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are each individually and independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto,formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,(alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl,aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ areoptionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R¹⁵,

R¹⁵ is independently selected alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy,amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio,alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl,carbocyclyl, or aryl, wherein R¹⁵ is optionally substituted with one ormore, the same or different, R¹⁶, and

R¹⁶ is halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy,trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl,methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino,ethylamino, dimethyl amino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino,acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl,N,N-diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl, methylthio, ethylthio,methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, mesyl, ethyl sulfonyl, methoxycarbonyl,ethoxycarbonyl, N-methylsulfamoyl, N-ethylsulfamoyl,N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl, N,N-diethylsulfamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylsulfamoyl,carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl;

R²⁰ and R³⁰ are each individually and independently hydrogen, alkyl,halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy,carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl,alkyl sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl,wherein R²⁰ and R³⁰ are optionally substituted with one or more, thesame or different, R⁴⁰;

R⁴⁰ is independently selected alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy,amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio,alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl,carbocyclyl, or aryl, wherein R⁴⁰ is optionally substituted with one ormore, the same or different, R⁴¹; and

R⁴¹ is halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy,trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl,methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino,ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino,acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl,N,N-diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl, methylthio, ethylthio,methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, mesyl, ethyl sulfonyl, methoxycarbonyl,ethoxycarbonyl, N-methylsulfamoyl, N-ethylsulfamoyl,N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl, N,N-diethylsulfamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylsulfamoyl,carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, n are each individually and independently 1, 2,or 3.

In certain embodiments, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ and the attached atoms come togetherto form a heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one or more, the sameor different, R¹⁵.

In certain embodiments, R¹² and R¹³ and the attached atoms come togetherto form a heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one or more, the sameor different, R¹⁵.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to compounds Formula IV:

or salts thereof wherein

X is O, S, or NH;

Z is hydrogen, amino, diaminoalkyl, or heterocyclyl such as pyrrolidinyloptionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R¹⁵;

R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are each individually and independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto,formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,(alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkyl sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl,carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, andR⁹ are optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,R¹⁵;

R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are each individually and independently hydrogen,alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy,carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl,alkyl sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl,wherein R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are optionally substituted with one ormore, the same or different, R¹⁵; or

R¹⁰ and R¹¹ and the attached atoms come together to form a heterocyclyloptionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R¹⁵;

R¹² and R¹³ and the attached atoms come together to form a heterocyclyloptionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R¹⁵;

R¹⁵ is independently selected alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy,amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio,alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl,carbocyclyl, or aryl, wherein R¹⁵ is optionally substituted with one ormore, the same or different, R¹⁶; and

R¹⁶ is halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy,trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl,methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino,ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino,acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl,N,N-diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl, methylthio, ethylthio,methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, mesyl, ethyl sulfonyl, methoxycarbonyl,ethoxycarbonyl, N-methylsulfamoyl, N-ethylsulfamoyl,N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl, N,N-diethylsulfamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylsulfamoyl,carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to compounds Formula V:

or salts thereof wherein

the broken lines are optionally double bonds;

n is 0, 1, or 2;

m is 0, 1, or 2;

p is 0, or 1 to 22;

W is at each occurrence CH₂, CHR¹⁴, CR¹⁴ ₂, C═O, O, S, NH, or NR¹⁴;

X is O, S, or NH;

Y is at each occurrence selected from O, S, CH₂, CH, CHR¹⁴, C═O, NH, orNR¹⁴;

Z is hydrogen, amino, diaminoalkyl, or heterocyclyl such as pyrrolidinyloptionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R¹⁵,

R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are each individually and independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto,formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,(alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkyl sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl,carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, andR⁹ are optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,R¹⁵,

R¹⁴ is alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl,carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino,alkylsulfinyl, alkyl sulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, orheterocyclyl, wherein R¹⁴ is optionally substituted with one or more,the same or different, R¹⁵;

R¹⁵ is independently selected alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy,amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio,alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl,carbocyclyl, or aryl, wherein R¹⁵ is optionally substituted with one ormore, the same or different, R¹⁶, and

R¹⁶ is halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy,trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl,methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino,ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino,acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl,N,N-diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl, methylthio, ethylthio,methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, mesyl, ethyl sulfonyl, methoxycarbonyl,ethoxycarbonyl, N-methylsulfamoyl, N-ethylsulfamoyl,N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl, N,N-diethylsulfamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylsulfamoyl,carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, n is 0 or 1.

In certain embodiments, m is 0 or 1.

In certain embodiments, p is 0, 1, or 2.

In certain embodiments, W is a bond when p is 0 or CH₂ when p is 1 or 2.

In certain embodiments, X is 0.

In certain embodiments, Y is NH or NR¹⁴.

In certain embodiments, Z is H.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to compounds Formula VI:

or salts thereof wherein

n is 0, 1, or 2;

m is 0, 1, or 2;

X is O, S, or NH;

Y is at each occurrence selected from O, S, CH₂, CHR¹⁴, C═O, NH, orNR¹⁴;

Z is hydrogen, amino, diaminoalkyl, or heterocyclyl such as pyrrolidinyloptionally substituted with one or more, the same or different, R¹⁵,

R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are each individually and independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto,formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,(alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkyl sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl,carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, andR⁹ are optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,R¹⁵,

R¹⁴ is alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl,carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino,alkylsulfinyl, alkyl sulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, orheterocyclyl, wherein R¹⁴ is optionally substituted with one or more,the same or different, R¹⁵,

R¹⁵ is independently selected alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy,amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio,alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl,carbocyclyl, or aryl, wherein R¹⁵ is optionally substituted with one ormore, the same or different, R¹⁶, and

R¹⁶ is halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy,trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl,methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino,ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino,acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl,N,N-diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl, methylthio, ethylthio,methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, mesyl, ethyl sulfonyl, methoxycarbonyl,ethoxycarbonyl, N-methylsulfamoyl, N-ethylsulfamoyl,N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl, N,N-diethylsulfamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylsulfamoyl,carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, n is 0 or 1.

In certain embodiments, m is 0 or 1.

In certain embodiments, X is O.

In certain embodiments, Y is NH or NR¹⁴.

In certain embodiments, Z is H.

Formulations

Pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be in the form ofpharmaceutically acceptable salts, as generally described below. Somepreferred, but non-limiting examples of suitable pharmaceuticallyacceptable organic and/or inorganic acids are hydrochloric acid,hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid and citricacid, as well as other pharmaceutically acceptable acids known per se(for which reference is made to the references referred to below).

When the compounds of the disclosure contain an acidic group as well asa basic group, the compounds of the disclosure may also form internalsalts, and such compounds are within the scope of the disclosure. When acompound contains a hydrogen-donating heteroatom (e.g. NH), salts arecontemplated to covers isomers formed by transfer of said hydrogen atomto a basic group or atom within the molecule.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds include the acidaddition and base salts thereof. Suitable acid addition salts are formedfrom acids which form non-toxic salts. Examples include the acetate,adipate, aspartate, benzoate, besylate, bicarbonate/carbonate,bisulphate/sulphate, borate, camsylate, citrate, cyclamate, edisylate,esylate, formate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate,hexafluorophosphate, hibenzate, hydrochloride/chloride,hydrobromide/bromide, hydroiodide/iodide, isethionate, lactate, malate,maleate, malonate, mesylate, methylsulphate, naphthylate, 2-napsylate,nicotinate, nitrate, orotate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate,phosphate/hydrogen phosphate/dihydrogen phosphate, pyroglutamate,saccharate, stearate, succinate, tannate, tartrate, tosylate,trifluoroacetate and xinofoate salts. Suitable base salts are formedfrom bases which form non-toxic salts. Examples include the aluminium,arginine, benzathine, calcium, choline, diethylamine, diolamine,glycine, lysine, magnesium, meglumine, olamine, potassium, sodium,tromethamine and zinc salts. Hemisalts of acids and bases may also beformed, for example, hemisulphate and hemicalcium salts. For a review onsuitable salts, see Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties,Selection, and Use by Stahl and Wermuth (Wiley-VCH, 2002), incorporatedherein by reference.

The compounds described herein may be administered in the form ofprodrugs. A prodrug can include a covalently bonded carrier whichreleases the active parent drug when administered to a mammaliansubject. Prodrugs can be prepared by modifying functional groups presentin the compounds in such a way that the modifications are cleaved,either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compounds.Prodrugs include, for example, compounds wherein a hydroxyl group isbonded to any group that, when administered to a mammalian subject,cleaves to form a free hydroxyl group. Examples of prodrugs include, butare not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcoholfunctional groups in the compounds. Methods of structuring a compound asprodrugs can be found in the book of Testa and Mayer, Hydrolysis in Drugand Prodrug Metabolism, Wiley (2006). Typical prodrugs form the activemetabolite by transformation of the prodrug by hydrolytic enzymes, thehydrolysis of amide, lactams, peptides, carboxylic acid esters, epoxidesor the cleavage of esters of inorganic acids.

Pharmaceutical compositions for use in the present disclosure typicallycomprise an effective amount of a compound and a suitable pharmaceuticalacceptable carrier. The preparations may be prepared in a manner knownper se, which usually involves mixing the at least one compoundaccording to the disclosure with the one or more pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers, and, if desired, in combination with otherpharmaceutical active compounds, when necessary under asepticconditions. Reference is again made to U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,778, U.S.Pat. No. 6,369,086, U.S. Pat. No. 6,369,087 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,733and the further references mentioned above, as well as to the standardhandbooks, such as the latest edition of Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences.

Generally, for pharmaceutical use, the compounds may be formulated as apharmaceutical preparation comprising at least one compound and at leastone pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient and/oradjuvant, and optionally one or more further pharmaceutically activecompounds.

The pharmaceutical preparations of the disclosure are preferably in aunit dosage form, and may be suitably packaged, for example in a box,blister, vial, bottle, sachet, ampoule or in any other suitablesingle-dose or multi-dose holder or container (which may be properlylabeled); optionally with one or more leaflets containing productinformation and/or instructions for use. Generally, such unit dosageswill contain between 1 and 1000 mg, and usually between 5 and 500 mg, ofthe at least one compound of the disclosure, e.g. about 10, 25, 50, 100,200, 300 or 400 mg per unit dosage.

The compounds can be administered by a variety of routes including theoral, ocular, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous,intramuscular or intranasal routes, depending mainly on the specificpreparation used. The compound will generally be administered in an“effective amount”, by which is meant any amount of a compound that,upon suitable administration, is sufficient to achieve the desiredtherapeutic or prophylactic effect in the subject to which it isadministered. Usually, depending on the condition to be prevented ortreated and the route of administration, such an effective amount willusually be between 0.01 to 1000 mg per kilogram body weight of thepatient per day, more often between 0.1 and 500 mg, such as between 1and 250 mg, for example about 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, 200 or 250 mg,per kilogram body weight of the patient per day, which may beadministered as a single daily dose, divided over one or more dailydoses. The amount(s) to be administered, the route of administration andthe further treatment regimen may be determined by the treatingclinician, depending on factors such as the age, gender and generalcondition of the patient and the nature and severity of thedisease/symptoms to be treated. Reference is again made to U.S. Pat. No.6,372,778, U.S. Pat. No. 6,369,086, U.S. Pat. No. 6,369,087 and U.S.Pat. No. 6,372,733 and the further references mentioned above, as wellas to the standard handbooks, such as the latest edition of Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences.

Depending upon the manner of introduction, the compounds describedherein may be formulated in a variety of ways. Formulations containingone or more inhibitors can be prepared in various pharmaceutical forms,such as granules, tablets, capsules, suppositories, powders, controlledrelease formulations, suspensions, emulsions, creams, gels, ointments,salves, lotions, or aerosols and the like. Preferably, theseformulations are employed in solid dosage forms suitable for simple, andpreferably oral, administration of precise dosages. Solid dosage formsfor oral administration include, but are not limited to, tablets, softor hard gelatin or non-gelatin capsules, and caplets. However, liquiddosage forms, such as solutions, syrups, suspension, shakes, etc. canalso be utilized. In another embodiment, the formulation is administeredtopically. Suitable topical formulations include, but are not limitedto, lotions, ointments, creams, and gels. In a preferred embodiment, thetopical formulation is a gel. In another embodiment, the formulation isadministered intranasally.

Formulations containing one or more of the compounds described hereinmay be prepared using a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier composed ofmaterials that are considered safe and effective and may be administeredto an individual without causing undesirable biological side effects orunwanted interactions. The carrier is all components present in thepharmaceutical formulation other than the active ingredient oringredients. As generally used herein “carrier” includes, but is notlimited to, diluents, binders, lubricants, disintegrators, fillers, pHmodifying agents, preservatives, antioxidants, solubility enhancers, andcoating compositions.

Carrier also includes all components of the coating composition whichmay include plasticizers, pigments, colorants, stabilizing agents, andglidants. Delayed release, extended release, and/or pulsatile releasedosage formulations may be prepared as described in standard referencessuch as “Pharmaceutical dosage form tablets”, eds. Liberman et. al. (NewYork, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1989), “Remington—The science and practice ofpharmacy”, 20th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.,2000, and “Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems”, 6thEdition, Ansel et al., (Media, PA: Williams and Wilkins, 1995). Thesereferences provide information on carriers, materials, equipment andprocess for preparing tablets and capsules and delayed release dosageforms of tablets, capsules, and granules.

Examples of suitable coating materials include, but are not limited to,cellulose polymers such as cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulosephthalate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate; polyvinylacetate phthalate, acrylic acid polymers and copolymers, and methacrylicresins that are commercially available under the trade name EUDRAGIT®(Roth Pharma, Westerstadt, Germany), zein, shellac, and polysaccharides.

Additionally, the coating material may contain conventional carrierssuch as plasticizers, pigments, colorants, glidants, stabilizationagents, pore formers and surfactants.

Optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipients present in thedrug-containing tablets, beads, granules or particles include, but arenot limited to, diluents, binders, lubricants, disintegrants, colorants,stabilizers, and surfactants. Diluents, also referred to as “fillers,”are typically necessary to increase the bulk of a solid dosage form sothat a practical size is provided for compression of tablets orformation of beads and granules. Suitable diluents include, but are notlimited to, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, calcium sulfate, lactose,sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose,kaolin, sodium chloride, dry starch, hydrolyzed starches, pregelatinizedstarch, silicone dioxide, titanium oxide, magnesium aluminum silicateand powdered sugar.

Binders are used to impart cohesive qualities to a solid dosageformulation, and thus ensure that a tablet or bead or granule remainsintact after the formation of the dosage forms. Suitable bindermaterials include, but are not limited to, starch, pregelatinizedstarch, gelatin, sugars (including sucrose, glucose, dextrose, lactoseand sorbitol), polyethylene glycol, waxes, natural and synthetic gumssuch as acacia, tragacanth, sodium alginate, cellulose, includinghydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, ethylcellulose,and veegum, and synthetic polymers such as acrylic acid and methacrylicacid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylatecopolymers, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymers, polyacrylicacid/polymethacrylic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone.

Lubricants are used to facilitate tablet manufacture. Examples ofsuitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate,calcium stearate, stearic acid, glyceryl behenate, polyethylene glycol,talc, and mineral oil.

Disintegrants are used to facilitate dosage form disintegration or“breakup” after administration, and generally include, but are notlimited to, starch, sodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethylstarch, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose,pregelatinized starch, clays, cellulose, alginine, gums or cross linkedpolymers, such as cross-linked PVP (Polyplasdone XL from GAF ChemicalCorp).

Stabilizers are used to inhibit or retard drug decomposition reactionswhich include, by way of example, oxidative reactions.

Surfactants may be anionic, cationic, amphoteric or nonionic surfaceactive agents. Suitable anionic surfactants include, but are not limitedto, those containing carboxylate, sulfonate and sulfate ions. Examplesof anionic surfactants include sodium, potassium, ammonium of long chainalkyl sulfonates and alkyl aryl sulfonates such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; dialkyl sodium sulfosuccinates, such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; dialkyl sodium sulfosuccinates, such as sodiumbis-(2-ethylthioxyl)-sulfosuccinate; and alkyl sulfates such as sodiumlauryl sulfate. Cationic surfactants include, but are not limited to,quaternary ammonium compounds such as benzalkonium chloride,benzethonium chloride, cetrimonium bromide, stearyl dimethylbenzylammonium chloride, polyoxyethylene and coconut amine. Examples ofnonionic surfactants include ethylene glycol monostearate, propyleneglycol myristate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl stearate,polyglyceryl-4-oleate, sorbitan acylate, sucrose acylate,PEG-1501aurate, PEG-400 monolaurate, polyoxyethylene monolaurate,polysorbates, polyoxyethylene octylphenylether, PEG-1000 cetyl ether,polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether, polypropylene glycol butyl ether,Poloxamer® 401, stearoyl monoisopropanolamide, and polyoxyethylenehydrogenated tallow amide. Examples of amphoteric surfactants includesodium N-dodecyl-beta-alanine, sodium N-lauryl-beta-iminodipropionate,myristoamphoacetate, lauryl betaine and lauryl sulfobetaine.

If desired, the tablets, beads, granules, or particles may also containminor amount of nontoxic auxiliary substances such as wetting oremulsifying agents, dyes, pH buffering agents, or preservatives.

The concentration of the inhibitor(s) to carrier and/or other substancesmay vary from about 0.5 to about 100 wt. % (weight percent). For oraluse, the pharmaceutical formulation will generally contain from about 5to about100% by weight of the active material. For other uses, thepharmaceutical formulation will generally have from about 0.5 to about50 wt. % of the active material.

The compositions described herein can be formulation for modified orcontrolled release. Examples of controlled release dosage forms includeextended release dosage forms, delayed release dosage forms, pulsatilerelease dosage forms, and combinations thereof.

The extended release formulations are generally prepared as diffusion orosmotic systems, for example, as described in “Remington—The science andpractice of pharmacy” (20th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,Baltimore, Md., 2000). A diffusion system typically consists of twotypes of devices, a reservoir and a matrix, and is well known anddescribed in the art. The matrix devices are generally prepared bycompressing the drug with a slowly dissolving polymer carrier into atablet form. The three major types of materials used in the preparationof matrix devices are insoluble plastics, hydrophilic polymers, andfatty compounds. Plastic matrices include, but are not limited to,methyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, andpolyethylene. Hydrophilic polymers include, but are not limited to,cellulosic polymers such as methyl and ethyl cellulose,hydroxyalkylcelluloses such as hydroxypropyl-cellulose,hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, andCarbopol® 934, polyethylene oxides and mixtures thereof. Fatty compoundsinclude, but are not limited to, various waxes such as carnauba wax andglyceryl tristearate and wax-type substances including hydrogenatedcastor oil or hydrogenated vegetable oil, or mixtures thereof.

In certain preferred embodiments, the plastic material is apharmaceutically acceptable acrylic polymer, including but not limitedto, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate,methyl methacrylate copolymers, ethoxyethyl methacrylates, cyanoethylmethacrylate, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer, poly(acrylic acid),poly(methacrylic acid), methacrylic acid alkylamine copolymerpoly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methacrylic acid)(anhydride),polymethacrylate, polyacrylamide, poly(methacrylic acid anhydride), andglycidyl methacrylate copolymers.

In certain preferred embodiments, the acrylic polymer is comprised ofone or more ammonio methacrylate copolymers. Ammonio methacrylatecopolymers are well known in the art, polymerized copolymers of acrylicand methacrylic acid esters with a low content of quaternary ammoniumgroups.

In one preferred embodiment, the acrylic polymer is an acrylic resinlacquer such as that which is commercially available from Rohm Pharmaunder the tradename Eudragit®. In further preferred embodiments, theacrylic polymer comprises a mixture of two acrylic resin lacquerscommercially available from Rohm Pharma under the tradenames Eudragit®RL30D and Eudragit® RS30D, respectively. Eudragit® RL30D and Eudragit®RS30D are copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic esters with a lowcontent of quaternary ammonium groups, the molar ratio of ammoniumgroups to the remaining neutral (meth)acrylic esters being 1:20 inEudragit® RL30D and 1:40 in Eudragit® RS30D. The mean molecular weightis about 150,000. Edragit® S-100 and Eudragit® L-100 are also preferred.The code designations RL (high permeability) and RS (low permeability)refer to the permeability properties of these agents. Eudragit® RL/RSmixtures are insoluble in water and in digestive fluids. However,multiparticulate systems formed to include the same are swellable andpermeable in aqueous solutions and digestive fluids.

The polymers described above such as Eudragit® RL/RS may be mixedtogether in any desired ratio in order to ultimately obtain asustained-release formulation having a desirable dissolution profile.Desirable sustained-release multiparticulate systems may be obtained,for instance, from 100% Eudragit® RL, 50% Eudragit® RL and 50% Eudragit®RS, and 10% Eudragit® RL and 90% Eudragit® RS. One skilled in the artwill recognize that other acrylic polymers may also be used, such as,for example, Eudragit® L.

Alternatively, extended release formulations can be prepared usingosmotic systems or by applying a semi-permeable coating to the dosageform. In the latter case, the desired drug release profile can beachieved by combining low permeable and high permeable coating materialsin suitable proportion.

The devices with different drug release mechanisms described above canbe combined in a final dosage form comprising single or multiple units.Examples of multiple units include, but are not limited to, multilayertablets and capsules containing tablets, beads, or granules. Animmediate release portion can be added to the extended release system bymeans of either applying an immediate release layer on top of theextended release core using a coating or compression process or in amultiple unit system such as a capsule containing extended and immediaterelease beads.

Extended release tablets containing hydrophilic polymers are prepared bytechniques commonly known in the art such as direct compression, wetgranulation, or dry granulation. Their formulations usually incorporatepolymers, diluents, binders, and lubricants as well as the activepharmaceutical ingredient. The usual diluents include inert powderedsubstances such as starches, powdered cellulose, especially crystallineand microcrystalline cellulose, sugars such as fructose, mannitol andsucrose, grain flours and similar edible powders. Typical diluentsinclude, for example, various types of starch, lactose, mannitol,kaolin, calcium phosphate or sulfate, inorganic salts such as sodiumchloride and powdered sugar. Powdered cellulose derivatives are alsouseful. Typical tablet binders include substances such as starch,gelatin and sugars such as lactose, fructose, and glucose. Natural andsynthetic gums, including acacia, alginates, methylcellulose, andpolyvinylpyrrolidone can also be used. Polyethylene glycol, hydrophilicpolymers, ethylcellulose and waxes can also serve as binders. Alubricant is necessary in a tablet formulation to prevent the tablet andpunches from sticking in the die. The lubricant is chosen from suchslippery solids as talc, magnesium and calcium stearate, stearic acidand hydrogenated vegetable oils.

Extended release tablets containing wax materials are generally preparedusing methods known in the art such as a direct blend method, acongealing method, and an aqueous dispersion method. In the congealingmethod, the drug is mixed with a wax material and either spray-congealedor congealed and screened and processed.

Delayed release formulations are created by coating a solid dosage formwith a polymer film, which is insoluble in the acidic environment of thestomach, and soluble in the neutral environment of the small intestine.

The delayed release dosage units can be prepared, for example, bycoating a drug or a drug-containing composition with a selected coatingmaterial. The drug-containing composition may be, e.g., a tablet forincorporation into a capsule, a tablet for use as an inner core in a“coated core” dosage form, or a plurality of drug-containing beads,particles or granules, for incorporation into either a tablet orcapsule. Preferred coating materials include bioerodible, graduallyhydrolyzable, gradually water-soluble, and/or enzymatically degradablepolymers, and may be conventional “enteric” polymers. Enteric polymers,as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, become soluble inthe higher pH environment of the lower gastrointestinal tract or slowlyerode as the dosage form passes through the gastrointestinal tract,while enzymatically degradable polymers are degraded by bacterialenzymes present in the lower gastrointestinal tract, particularly in thecolon. Suitable coating materials for effecting delayed release include,but are not limited to, cellulosic polymers such as hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose,hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetatesuccinate, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate, methylcellulose,ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate phthalate,cellulose acetate trimellitate and carboxymethylcellulose sodium;acrylic acid polymers and copolymers, preferably formed from acrylicacid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methylmethacrylate and/or ethyl methacrylate, and other methacrylic resinsthat are commercially available under the tradename Eudragit® (RohmPharma; Westerstadt, Germany), including Eudragit® L30D-55 and L100-55(soluble at pH 5.5 and above), Eudragit® L-100 (soluble at pH 6.0 andabove), Eudragit® S (soluble at pH 7.0 and above, as a result of ahigher degree of esterification), and Eudragits® NE, RL and RS(water-insoluble polymers having different degrees of permeability andexpandability); vinyl polymers and copolymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, vinyl acetate, vinylacetate phthalate, vinylacetatecrotonic acid copolymer, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer;enzymatically degradable polymers such as azo polymers, pectin,chitosan, amylose and guar gum; zein and shellac. Combinations ofdifferent coating materials may also be used. Multi-layer coatings usingdifferent polymers may also be applied.

The preferred coating weights for particular coating materials may bereadily determined by those skilled in the art by evaluating individualrelease profiles for tablets, beads and granules prepared with differentquantities of various coating materials. It is the combination ofmaterials, method and form of application that produce the desiredrelease characteristics, which one can determine only from the clinicalstudies.

The coating composition may include conventional additives, such asplasticizers, pigments, colorants, stabilizing agents, glidants, etc. Aplasticizer is normally present to reduce the fragility of the coating,and will generally represent about 10 wt. % to 50 wt. % relative to thedry weight of the polymer. Examples of typical plasticizers includepolyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, triacetin, dimethyl phthalate,diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl sebacate, triethylcitrate, tributyl citrate, triethyl acetyl citrate, castor oil andacetylated monoglycerides. A stabilizing agent is preferably used tostabilize particles in the dispersion. Typical stabilizing agents arenonionic emulsifiers such as sorbitan esters, polysorbates andpolyvinylpyrrolidone. Glidants are recommended to reduce stickingeffects during film formation and drying, and will generally representapproximately 25 wt. % to 100 wt. % of the polymer weight in the coatingsolution. One effective glidant is talc. Other glidants such asmagnesium stearate and glycerol monostearates may also be used. Pigmentssuch as titanium dioxide may also be used. Small quantities of ananti-foaming agent, such as a silicone (e.g., simethicone), may also beadded to the coating composition.

The formulation can provide pulsatile delivery of the one or moreinhibitors. By “pulsatile” is meant that a plurality of drug doses arereleased at spaced apart intervals of time. Generally, upon ingestion ofthe dosage form, release of the initial dose is substantially immediate,i.e., the first drug release “pulse” occurs within about one hour ofingestion. This initial pulse is followed by a first time interval (lagtime) during which very little or no drug is released from the dosageform, after which a second dose is then released. Similarly, a secondnearly drug release-free interval between the second and third drugrelease pulses may be designed. The duration of the nearly drugrelease-free time interval will vary depending upon the dosage formdesign e.g., a twice daily dosing profile, a three times daily dosingprofile, etc. For dosage forms providing a twice daily dosage profile,the nearly drug release-free interval has a duration of approximately 3hours to 14 hours between the first and second dose. For dosage formsproviding a three times daily profile, the nearly drug release-freeinterval has a duration of approximately 2 hours to 8 hours between eachof the three doses.

In one embodiment, the pulsatile release profile is achieved with dosageforms that are closed and preferably sealed capsules housing at leasttwo drug-containing “dosage units” wherein each dosage unit within thecapsule provides a different drug release profile. Control of thedelayed release dosage unit(s) is accomplished by a controlled releasepolymer coating on the dosage unit, or by incorporation of the activeagent in a controlled release polymer matrix. Each dosage unit maycomprise a compressed or molded tablet, wherein each tablet within thecapsule provides a different drug release profile. For dosage formsmimicking a twice a day dosing profile, a first tablet releases drugsubstantially immediately following ingestion of the dosage form, whilea second tablet releases drug approximately 3 hours to less than 14hours following ingestion of the dosage form. For dosage forms mimickinga three times daily dosing profile, a first tablet releases drugsubstantially immediately following ingestion of the dosage form, asecond tablet releases drug approximately 3 hours to less than 10 hoursfollowing ingestion of the dosage form, and the third tablet releasesdrug at least 5 hours to approximately 18 hours following ingestion ofthe dosage form. It is possible that the dosage form includes more thanthree tablets. While the dosage form will not generally include morethan a third tablet, dosage forms housing more than three tablets can beutilized.

Alternatively, each dosage unit in the capsule may comprise a pluralityof drug-containing beads, granules or particles. As is known in the art,drug-containing “beads” refer to beads made with drug and one or moreexcipients or polymers. Drug-containing beads can be produced byapplying drug to an inert support, e.g., inert sugar beads coated withdrug or by creating a “core” comprising both drug and one or moreexcipients. As is also known, drug-containing “granules” and “particles”comprise drug particles that may or may not include one or moreadditional excipients or polymers. In contrast to drug-containing beads,granules and particles do not contain an inert support. Granulesgenerally comprise drug particles and require further processing.Generally, particles are smaller than granules, and are not furtherprocessed. Although beads, granules and particles may be formulated toprovide immediate release, beads and granules are generally employed toprovide delayed release.

In one embodiment, the compound is formulated for topicaladministration. Suitable topical dosage forms include lotions, creams,ointments, and gels. A “gel” is a semisolid system containing adispersion of the active agent, i.e., inhibitor, in a liquid vehiclethat is rendered semisolid by the action of a thickening agent orpolymeric material dissolved or suspended in the liquid vehicle. Theliquid may include a lipophilic component, an aqueous component or both.Some emulsions may be gels or otherwise include a gel component. Somegels, however, are not emulsions because they do not contain ahomogenized blend of immiscible components. Methods for preparinglotions, creams, ointments, and gels are well known in the art.

The compounds described herein can be administered in combination withother active compounds. These compounds include but are not limited toanalgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, antipyretics, antidepressants,antiepileptics, antihistamines, antimigraine drugs, antimuscarinics,anxioltyics, sedatives, hypnotics, antipsychotics, bronchodilators,anti-asthma drugs, cardiovascular drugs, corticosteroids, dopaminergics,electrolytes, gastro-intestinal drugs, muscle relaxants, nutritionalagents, vitamins, parasympathomimetics, stimulants, anorectics andanti-narcoleptics.

Specific examples of compounds that can be adjunctively administeredwith the compounds include, but are not limited to, aceclofenac,acetaminophen, adomexetine, almotriptan, alprazolam, amantadine,amcinonide, aminocyclopropane, amitriptyline, amolodipine, amoxapine,amphetamine, aripiprazole, aspirin, atomoxetine, azasetron, azatadine,beclomethasone, benactyzine, benoxaprofen, bermoprofen, betamethasone,bicifadine, bromocriptine, budesonide, buprenorphine, bupropion,buspirone, butorphanol, butriptyline, caffeine, carbamazepine,carbidopa, carisoprodol, celecoxib, chlordiazepoxide, chlorpromazine,choline salicylate, citalopram, clomipramine, clonazepam, clonidine,clonitazene, clorazepate, clotiazepam, cloxazolam, clozapine, codeine,corticosterone, cortisone, cyclobenzaprine, cyproheptadine,demexiptiline, desipramine, desomorphine, dexamethasone, dexanabinol,dextroamphetamine sulfate, dextromoramide, dextropropoxyphene, dezocine,diazepam, dibenzepin, diclofenac sodium, diflunisal, dihydrocodeine,dihydroergotamine, dihydromorphine, dimetacrine, divalproxex,dizatriptan, dolasetron, donepezil, dothiepin, doxepin, duloxetine,ergotamine, escitalopram, estazolam, ethosuximide, etodolac, femoxetine,fenamates, fenoprofen, fentanyl, fludiazepam, fluoxetine, fluphenazine,flurazepam, flurbiprofen, flutazolam, fluvoxamine, frovatriptan,gabapentin, galantamine, gepirone, ginko bilboa, granisetron,haloperidol, huperzine A, hydrocodone, hydrocortisone, hydromorphone,hydroxyzine, ibuprofen, imipramine, indiplon, indomethacin, indoprofen,iprindole, ipsapirone, ketaserin, ketoprofen, ketorolac, lesopitron,levodopa, lipase, lofepramine, lorazepam, loxapine, maprotiline,mazindol, mefenamic acid, melatonin, melitracen, memantine, meperidine,meprobamate, mesalamine, metapramine, metaxalone, methadone, methadone,methamphetamine, methocarbamol, methyldopa, methylphenidate, methylsalicylate, methysergid(e), metoclopramide, mianserin, mifepristone,milnacipran, minaprine, mirtazapine, moclobemide, modafinil (ananti-narcoleptic), molindone, morphine, morphine hydrochloride,nabumetone, nadolol, naproxen, naratriptan, nefazodone, neurontin,nomifensine, nortriptyline, olanzapine, olsalazine, ondansetron,opipramol, orphenadrine, oxaflozane, oxaprazin, oxazepam, oxitriptan,oxycodone, oxymorphone, pancrelipase, parecoxib, paroxetine, pemoline,pentazocine, pepsin, perphenazine, phenacetin, phendimetrazine,phenmetrazine, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, phosphatidylserine, pimozide,pirlindole, piroxicam, pizotifen, pizotyline, pramipexole, prednisolone,prednisone, pregabalin, propanolol, propizepine, propoxyphene,protriptyline, quazepam, quinupramine, reboxitine, reserpine,risperidone, ritanserin, rivastigmine, rizatriptan, rofecoxib,ropinirole, rotigotine, salsalate, sertraline, sibutramine, sildenafil,sulfasalazine, sulindac, sumatriptan, tacrine, temazepam, tetrabenozine,thiazides, thioridazine, thiothixene, tiapride, tiasipirone, tizanidine,tofenacin, tolmetin, toloxatone, topiramate, tramadol, trazodone,triazolam, trifluoperazine, trimethobenzamide, trimipramine,tropisetron, valdecoxib, valproic acid, venlafaxine, viloxazine, vitaminE, zimeldine, ziprasidone, zolmitriptan, zolpidem, zopiclone andisomers, salts, and combinations thereof.

The additional active agent(s) can be formulated for immediate release,controlled release, or combinations thereof.

Methods of Use

In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to methods of preventingor treating a BDNF and TrkB related disease or condition comprising theadministering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising compounds such as 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, prodrugs, and othercompounds disclosed herein, to a subject in need thereof. In someembodiments, the subject is diagnosed with, exhibiting symptoms of, orat risk of the disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is depression, anxiety, amytrophic later sclerosis,Alzheimer's disease, Autism spectrum disorders, Huntington's disease,Rett syndrome, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, post-traumatic stressdisorder, dementia, diabetic neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, obesity,or stroke.

In certain embodiments, the methods described herein include a method oftreating or reducing the risk of disorders associated with activation ofthe TrkB receptor including neurological disorders, neuropsychiatricdisorders, and metabolic disorders in a subject. Examples ofneurological and neuropsychiatric disorders include depression, anxiety,Alzheimer's, CNS injuries, and the like. Examples of metabolic disordersinclude obesity and hyperphagia. This method includes the steps ofselecting a subject with or at risk of developing the neurologicaldisorder, neuropsychiatric disorder, or obesity, and administering tothe subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosedherein. The compound can be administered systemically (e.g., orally,parenterally (e.g. intravenously), intramuscularly, intreperitoneally,transdermally (e.g., by a patch), extracorporeally, topically, byinhalation, subcutaneously or the like), by administration into thecentral nervous system (e.g., into the brain (intracerebrally or intraventricularly), spinal cord, or into the cerebrospinal fluid), or anycombination thereof.

The subject in need thereof can be a patient diagnosed as suffering fromdepression or anxiety. These diseases and their diagnoses are veryclearly defined in the “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of MentalDisorders (DSM-IV)” published by the American Psychiatric Association.This manual sets forth diagnostic criteria, descriptions and otherinformation to guide the classification and diagnosis of mentaldisorders and is commonly used in the field of neuropsychiatry. Incertain embodiments, the patient is being administered an antidepressantor anti-anxiolytic medication. In certain embodiments, the patient hasbeen diagnosed by a mental health professional (e.g., a psychiatrist)with an anxiety or depression disorder. Anxiety can be a symptom of anunderlying health issue such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), heart failure, or heart arrhythmia.

The subject in need thereof can be a patient diagnosed as suffering frombeing overweight or obese. Being overweight and obesity can be diagnosedby health or nutritional professionals (e.g., physicians, nurses,dieticians, and the like) when the patient's body mass index (BMI), ameasurement which compares weight and height, is between 25 kg/m and 30kg/m², and obese when it is greater than 30 kg/m².

Also provided is a method of promoting neuroprotection in a subject.This method includes the steps of selecting a subject in need ofneuroprotection, and administering to the subject a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound disclosed herein. A subject in need ofneuroprotection can, for example, be a subject that has amyotrophiclateral sclerosis (ALS) or a central nervous system injury. A centralnervous system injury includes, for example, a brain injury, a spinalcord injury, or a cerebrovascular event (e.g., a stroke). Methods canfurther comprise testing the effectiveness of a compound disclosedherein. Testing the effectiveness can include, but is not limited to,imaging (e.g., Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MM)) and functionalmeasurements (e.g., survival or clinical symptoms like analysis ofspeech patterns, logic, comprehension, memory, mood, and orientation).

In certain embodiments, the disclosure contemplates the treatment ofother mental disorders or conditions by administering effective amountsof compounds disclosed herein. contemplated mental disorders andconditions include, but are not limited to, acute stress disorder,adjustment disorder, adolescent antisocial behavior, adult antisocialbehavior, age-related cognitive decline, agoraphobia, alcohol-relateddisorder, Alzheimer's, amnestic disorder, anorexia nervosa, anxiety,attention deficit disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,autophagia, bereavement, bibliomania, binge eating disorder, bipolardisorder, body dysmorphic disorder, bulimia nervosa, circadian rhythmsleep disorder, cocaine-addition, dysthymia, exhibitionism, genderidentity disorder, Huntington's disease, hypochondria, multiplepersonality disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), posttraumatic stressdisorder (PTSD), Rett syndrome, sadomasochism, and stuttering.

Depression

In certain embodiments, the disclosure contemplated the treatment ofdepression with compounds disclosed herein. The most commonpsychological conditions is depression. Depression can be divided intoseveral types. Major depression is the most severe form of depressioncharacterized by a severe, persistent depressed mood and loss ofinterest or pleasure in normal activities accompanied by decreasedenergy, changes in sleep habits, restless behavior, difficultyconcentrating, loss of appetite, feelings of guilt or hopelessness, andin severe cases, psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions,and even suicidal thoughts. An individual typically has a history(greater than 2 weeks) of persistent sad moods, loss of interest orpleasure in activities once enjoyed, and feelings of guilt orhopelessness, restless behavior, difficulty concentrating, and evensuicidal thoughts in order to make a diagnosis of major depression. TheBeck's Depression Scale Inventory, or other screen tests for depression,can be helpful in diagnosing depression.

Major depression can be treated with medications and/or counseling.Studies have shown that antidepressant drug therapy combined withpsychotherapy appears to have better results than either therapy alone.Medications used include, but are not limited to, tricyclicantidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotoninre-uptake inhibitor (SSRIs), and some new antidepressant drugs such asbupropion, reboxetine, trazodone, venlafaxine, and mitrazapine.Antipsychotic medications are needed for patients suffering from moresevere forms of psychotic symptoms, such as delusions or hallucinations.Types of psychotherapy that have proven to be particularly effective fortreating depression include interpersonal therapy, group therapy, andcognitive behavioral therapy.

Alternative therapeutic methods include the use of herbal products formanagement of chronic conditions, such as psychiatric disorders,including anxiety and depression. In addition, St. John's Wort(hypericum) has recently gained popularity as an adjunct antidepressantin the United States. The National Institute of Health has recentlysponsored a Hypericum Clinical Trial comparing 50 to 150 mg/day ofsertraline (Zololoft), 900 to 1800 mg/day of St. John's Wort, andplacebo in 300 patients with major depression. The conclusion of thestudy was St. John's Wort was no more effective for treating majordepression of moderate severity than a placebo (NIH News Release, Apr.9, 2002). Side effects of St. John's Wort are mild and primarily includegastrointestinal symptoms and fatigue. Therefore, there is a need in theart for alternative treatments, which are more effective and areassociated with fewer side effects for treating major depression.

A second form of depression is chronic low-grade depression, also knownas dysthymia. Dysthymia is present most of the time for a period of twoor more years wherein an individual experiences a decrease in his/heroverall level of energy, appetite, and sleep, as well as has feelings oflow self-esteem and hopelessness. These symptoms cause distress and theindividual has difficulty functioning in everyday activities. Thesesymptoms, however, are not as severe as those symptoms experienced inmajor depression. The cause and maintenance of these symptoms are oftendue to one of the following problems: loss of a friend, substantialdisappointment at work or home, prolonged or chronic illness, andalcohol or drug abuse. People who suffer from dysthymia are at anincreased risk for episodes of major depression. This produces abehavioral pattern called “double depression” wherein the individual ismildly depressed most of the time, with periodic symptoms of majordepression.

The least severe form of depression is a depressed mood. This is anemotional state dominated by feelings of sadness, gloominess, oremptiness, which may be associated with lack of energy. Depressed moodsare usually temporary responses to an unhappy or stressful event.Treatments for such conditions are the same as discussed above intreatments for mild depressive disorders.

Autism Spectrum Disorders

In certain embodiments, the disclosure contemplated the treatment ofautism spectrum disorders with compounds disclosed herein. AutismSpectrum Disorder, including Asperger Syndrome, is a spectrum ofneurodevelopmental disorders characterized by dysfunction in three corebehavioral dimensions: repetitive behaviors, social deficits, andcognitive deficits. The repetitive behavior domain involves compulsivebehaviors, unusual attachments to objects, rigid adherence to routinesor rituals, and repetitive motor mannerisms such as stereotypies andself-stimulatory behaviors. The social deficit dimension involvesdeficits in reciprocal social interactions, lack of eye contact,diminished ability to carry on conversation, and impaired dailyinteraction skills. The cognitive deficits can include languageabnormalities.

Administration of compounds disclosed herein may be when a child orinfant shows the early signs of signs of autism spectrum disorder orother abnormal social or behavioral development, or about the time ofdevelopmental landmarks in infants or children that show early signs ofautism spectrum disorder or other abnormal or behavioral development. Atherapeutic intervention administered during this period could reset thedevelopmental trajectory of the child preventing the acquisition ofsecond order social impairments.

Bipolar Disorders

In certain embodiments, the disclosure contemplated the treatment ofbipolar disorders with compounds disclosed herein. Bipolar disorderaffects men and women equally and typically appears between the ages of15 and 25. As opposed to unipolar major depression, the incidence ofbipolar disorder does not vary widely around the world. The exact causeis unknown, but it is linked to areas of the brain which regulate mood,and has a strong genetic component. The American PsychiatricAssociation's “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders”describes two types of bipolar disorder, type I and type II. The type I(formerly known as manic depressive disorder), there has been at leastone full manic episode. People with this type, however, may alsoexperience episodes of major depression. In type II disorder, periods of“hypomania” involve more attenuate (less severe) manic symptoms thatalternate with at least one major depressive episode. When the patientshave an acute exacerbation, they may be in a manic state, depressedstate, or mixed state. The manic phase is characterized by elevatedmood, hyperactivity, over-involvement in activities, inflatedself-esteem, a tendency to be easily distracted, or little need forsleep. In the depressive phase, there is loss of self-esteem,withdrawal, sadness, or a risk of suicide. Either the manic or thedepressive episodes can predominate and produce a few mood swings, orthe patterns of the mood swing may be cyclic. While in either phase,patients may abuse alcohol or other substances, which worsens thesymptoms.

Methods for treating bipolar disorders differ depending upon the stateof the patient. During an acute phase, hospitalization may be requiredto control the symptoms. In order to reduce the risk of switching intomania, hypomania or rapid cycling, a combination of a mood stabilizer(e.g. lithium; valproate) and/or antidepressants (e.g., bupropion) isutilized for controlling bipolar disorders. Even though lithium is oftenutilized in controlling manic and depressive relapses, careful medicalsupervision along with maintaining salt intake, avoiding non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs, and undertaking weight-reduction diets aretypically performed in order to reduce possible renal failure. Valproatealso is characterized by severe side effects including nausea, vomiting,anorexia, heartburn, and diarrhea. Finally, the use of antidepressantsfor suppressing bipolar disorder is typically monitored in order toachieve symptomatic remission. Therefore, safer therapeutic methods areneeded in the art in order to reduce the severe side effects associatedwith current treatments of bipolar disorders.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure contemplated the treatment ofcyclothymic disorders with compounds disclosed herein. Cyclothymicdisorders are similar to bipolar disorders, but less extreme.Cyclothymic disorders are characterized by stages of mild mood changeswith stages of mild depression and excitement (hypomania). The changesin mood are very irregular and abrupt, but the severity of the swings isless. Cyclothymia is treated like bipolar disorders, though often not asaggressively. Thus, safer treatments are needed in the art.

Anxiety Disorders

In certain embodiments, the disclosure contemplated the treatment ofanxiety disorders with compounds disclosed herein. Anxiety disorders,panic attacks, and agoraphobia are conditions that occur as amanifestation of primary mood disorders such as depression. Anxiety is afeeling of apprehension or fear that lingers due to an individual'sperception of persistent and unrelenting stress. Anxiety is typicallyaccompanied by various physical symptoms including twitching, trembling,muscle tension, headaches, sweating (e.g., night sweats), dry mouth, ordifficulty swallowing. Some people also report dizziness, a rapid orirregular heart rate, increased rate of respiration, diarrhea, orfrequent need to urinate when they are anxious. Fatigue, irritable mood,sleeping difficulties, decreased concentration, sexual problems, ornightmares are also common. Some people are more sensitive to stress andare thus more likely to develop anxiety disorders. The propensity tosuccumb to anxiety attacks may be due to genetic predisposition or byprevious (e.g. childhood) exposure to certain stresses.

Treatment of anxiety disorders includes diagnostic tests for blooddifferential and thyroid function as well as an electrocardiogram (EKG).If any worrisome physical signs or symptoms do not accompany theanxiety, a referral to a mental health care professional is recommended.Psychotherapy such as cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) along with themedication benzodiazepines, which facilitate the actions ofgamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter inthe nervous system, are the most effective in severe cases of anxiety.In addition to these treatments, use of antidepressants such asimipramine and the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI)paroxetine have been shown to produce antianxiety benefit to anxietypatients. Treatment with benzodiazepines, however, is accompanied byfatigue, drowsiness, and unsteadiness. After successive treatments withbenzodiazepines, patients often develop dependence to the drug and,therefore, careful medical monitoring is required. Thus, there is a needin the art for treatments that provide less drug dependence along with areduction in side effects and costs.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure contemplated the treatment ofpanic disorders with compounds disclosed herein. Panic disorder, one ofthe anxiety disorders, is characterized by repeated and unexpectedattacks of intense fear and anxiety. Panic attacks are usually notrelated to a particular situation and typically “peak” within tenminutes of their onset. The exact cause of panic disorder is unknown,but it is associated with multiple physiological factors. Panic disordercan occur with or without agoraphobia, but agoraphobia develops inone-third of cases.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure contemplated the treatment ofagoraphobia with compounds disclosed herein. Agoraphobia is a disordercharacterized by avoidance of crowds, and open and public places,particularly if escape or assistance is not immediately available. Thedevelopment of agoraphobia may involve learned behavior, since itreflects a fear of experiencing panic attacks in unprotected settings,and sometimes the association of panic attacks with areas where theyhave occurred. Panic disorder can occur in children, but the average ageof onset is 25 years old. Panic disorder affects middle-aged and olderadults as well. Studies have shown that women are 2 to 3 times morelikely to be affected.

Symptoms of panic disorder include shortness of breath, dizziness,palpitations, trembling, sweating, choking, nausea, numbness, chestpain, hot flashes or chills, fear of dying, fear of losing control, orfear of going insane. Symptoms of agoraphobia include anxiety aboutbeing in places where escape might be difficult, fear of being alone,fear of losing control in a public place, feeling of helplessness, orfeelings of detachment. Treatments for both disorders are similar totreatment of anxiety. Antidepressant medicines are typically used fortreatment of many people with panic disorder and agoraphobia includingSSRIs such as Paxil. Behavior therapies are also used in conjunctionwith drug therapy including relaxation techniques, pleasant mentalimagery, and cognitive behavioral therapy to restructure distorted andharmful interpretations of particular situations.

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)

In certain embodiments, the disclosure contemplated the treatment ofattention deficit disorders (ADD) with compounds disclosed herein.Symptoms include developmentally inappropriate levels of attention,concentration, activity, distractibility, and impulsivity. There arethree sub-categories of attention deficit disorder: (1) attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder of the combined type; (2) attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder of the predominantly inattentive type;and (3) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder of the predominantlyhyperactive or impulsive type.

A typical treatment strategy for ADD is using psychotropic medicationssuch as Dexedine (dextroamphetamine), Ritalin (methylphenidate), andCylert (magnesium pemoline). Antidepressants (such as amitriptyline orfluoxetine), tranquilizers (such as thionidazine), alpha-adrenergicagonist (clonidine), and caffeine have also been tried to treat ADD. Thedisadvantage of these drugs is the lack of long term information on theaffect these drugs have on the cognitive and emotional development ofADD children. In addition, medications such as antidepressants,tranquilizers, and caffeine have met with little success. A significantamount of research has been carried out studying psychologicaltherapeutic treatments such as contingency management (e.g. time out),cognitive-behavioral treatment (e.g. self-monitoring, verbalself-instruction, problem solving strategies, and self-reinforcement),parent counseling, and individual psychotherapy. Studies using thesetechniques have yielded mixed results and no studies have been carriedout combining psychological interventions with stimulant medications.Therefore, parents are directed to manage the symptoms and direct thechild's energy to constructive and educational paths.

Sleep Disorders

In certain embodiments, the disclosure contemplated the treatment ofsleep disorders with compounds disclosed herein. A sleep disorder is adisruptive pattern of sleep that may include difficulty: falling orstaying asleep, falling asleep at inappropriate times, excessive totalsleep time, or abnormal behaviors associated with sleep. There are morethan 100 different disorders of sleeping and waking. They can be groupedinto four main categories: problems with staying and falling asleep(insomnia, e.g.), problems with staying awake (sleep statemisperception, e.g.), problems with adhering to a regular sleep schedule(hypersomnias such as narcolepsy, e.g.), and sleep disruptive behaviors(sleep walking, e.g.). Both insomnia and sleep disruptive behaviorscould be direct results of a patient suffering from a psychologicaldisorder such as depression or anxiety.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure contemplated the treatment ofinsomnia with compounds disclosed herein. Insomnia includes anycombination of difficulty with falling asleep, staying asleep,intermittent wakefulness, and early-morning awakening and can lead tothe following disorders: psychophysiological, delayed sleep phasesyndrome, hypnotic dependent disorder, and stimulant dependent sleepdisorder. Episodes may be either transient (2-3 weeks) or chronic.Common factors associated with insomnia are depression, anxiety, stress,illness, caffeine, abuse of alcohol, medication, illness, physicaldiscomfort, and counterproductive sleep habits such as early bedtimesand daytime napping. Treatment of insomnia is related to the cause. Ifthere is an obvious physical or psychological cause (such asdepression), it is the first focus, of treatment.

Sleep disruptive behaviors include sleep terror disorder, sleep walkingor REM behavior disorders (a type of psychosis related to lack of REMsleep and lack of dreaming). Symptoms of sleep disruptive behaviors aredepressed mood, anxiety, apathy, difficulty concentrating, irritability,daytime fatigue, drowsiness, and difficulty falling asleep. Again,treatment of sleep disruptive behaviors is often related to the cause.If there is an obvious physical or psychological cause, it is the firstfocus of treatment.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

In one aspect of the present disclosure, the psychiatric disorder to betreated is PTSD. PTSD is defined by DSM-IV as an anxiety disorder thatan individual may develop following exposure to a traumatic event, andis characterized by (1) re-experiencing the traumatic event, such asrecurrent nightmares, intrusive recollections of the event, flashbacks,physiological and psychological responses to internal or external cuesrelating to the event, etc; (2) persistent avoidance of thoughts, peopleor places associated with the event; (3) numbing of generalresponsiveness such as emotional detachment, restricted affect or lossof interest in activities; and (4) persistence of increased arousal suchas exaggerated startle response, hypervigilance, irritability, ordifficulty sleeping, etc. In the US the lifetime prevalence of PTSD isat least 1%, and in high-risk populations, such as combat veterans orvictims of criminal violence, prevalence is reported to be between 3 and58%; PTSD is therefore of considerable public health concern.

Schizophrenia

In certain embodiments, the disclosure contemplated the treatment ofschizophrenia with compounds disclosed herein. Schizophrenia ischaracterized by a breakdown of thought processes and by poor emotionalresponsiveness and is generally accompanied by social or occupationaldysfunction. It is often described in terms of positive and negativesymptoms. Positive symptoms can include delusions, disorganized speechand thinking, and tactile, auditory, visual, olfactory, and gustatoryhallucinations, typically regarded as manifestations of psychosis.Positive symptoms generally respond well to medication. Negativesymptoms are deficits of normal emotional responses or of other thoughtprocesses, and respond less well to medication. They commonly includeflat or blunted affect and emotion, poverty of speech, inability toexperience pleasure, lack of desire to form relationships, and lack ofmotivation. Research suggests that negative symptoms contribute more topoor quality of life, functional disability, and the burden on othersthan do positive symptoms. Individuals with prominent negative symptomsoften have a history of poor adjustment before the onset of illness, andresponse to medication is often limited.

The onset of schizophrenia symptoms typically occurs in young adulthood.Diagnosis typically involves the patient meeting three criteria. Thefirst is characteristic symptoms, in which the patient experiences twoor more symptoms for more than one month including delusions,hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, and negativesymptoms. The second is social or occupational dysfunction. The third isa significant duration, generally about six months. Treatment isgenerally anti-psychotic medications, often in combination withpsychological and social supports.

A subject undergoing treatment with the methods of the disclosure mayexhibits an improvement in one or more symptoms associated with thepsychiatric disorder. For a description of the relevant symptoms, see,for example, the DSM-IV ((1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ofMental Disorders (4th ed., American Psychiatric Association, WashingtonD.C.)), which is herein incorporated by reference. The efficacy of themethods of the disclosure can be assessed using any clinicallyrecognized assessment method for measuring a reduction of one or moresymptoms of the particular psychiatric disorder. Examples of suchassessment methods are described in, for example, in Experiment 7 of PCTApplication WO02/078629. “Alleviation of symptoms,” in the context of abehavioral disorder, refers to improvement in the social orpsychological function or health of a patient, as evaluated by anymeasure accepted in the art. Preferably, “alleviation of symptoms” is aclinically recognizable decrease in symptoms described in DSM-IV-TR(American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The psychosocial function of apatient may be evaluated using standard measures provided in DSM-IV-TR(American Psychiatric Association, 2001), such as the Global Assessmentof Functioning Scale and the Social and Occupational FunctioningAssessment Scale.

EXAMPLES

Substituted flavone derivatives were prepared (See FIG. 1) in purityof >95%, by ¹H NMR, HPLC (HPLC, 254 nm). The synthetic route isillustrated in the schemes below. Starting materials were typicallypurchased from commercial sources.

Procedure for Preparation 4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl diacetate

Compound 1 (100 mg, 0.4 mmol) was added to a suspension of K₂CO₃ (342mg, 2.5 mmol) and acetic anhydride (0.1 mL, 0.8 mmol) in DCM. Afterstirring at r.t. overnight, the mixture was filtered and evaporatedunder reduced pressure. The residue was washed by ethyl ether to affordthe product as a white solid (71 mg, yield: 53.3%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD): δ ppm 8.06 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.93-7.95 (m, 2H), 7.58-7.61(m,3H), 7.38 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 2.48(s, 3H), 2.37(s, 3H).Purity: 99.8% (254 nm); MS: 339.0 [M+1]⁺

Preparation of 4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diylbis(2,2-dimethylpropanoate) Compound R₅

Compound 1 (150 mg, 0.6 mmol) was added to a suspension of K₂CO₃ (341mg, 2.48 mmol) and pivaloyl chloride (0.2 mL, 1.2 mmol) in DCM. Afterstirring at r.t. overnight, the mixture was filtered and evaporatedunder reduced pressure. The residue was washed by ethyl ether to affordthe product as a red solid (52 mg, yield: 20.9%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃): δ ppm 8.12 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.80-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.55(m,3H), 7.20 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (s, 1H), 1.45(s, 9H), 1.35(s, 9H).Purity: 99.6% (254 nm); MS: 445.1 [M+1]⁺

Preparation of 4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diylbis(3-methylbutanoate) Compound R₁₂

Compound 1 (150 mg, 0.6 mmol) was added to a suspension of K₂CO₃ (341mg, 2.48 mmol) and isovaleryl chloride (0.2 mL, 1.2 mmol) in DCM. Afterstirring at r.t. overnight, the mixture was filtered and evaporatedunder reduced pressure. The residue was washed by ethyl ether to affordthe product as a white solid (57 mg, yield: 23.1%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃): δ ppm 8.12 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.80-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.48-7.55(m,3H), 7.23-7.26 (m, 1H), 6.78 (s, 1H), 2.59 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.49 (d,J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.24-2.32(m, 2H), 1.09-1.11(m, 12H). Purity: 99.6% (254nm); MS: 445.0 [M+1]⁺

Preparation of 4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diylbis(dimethylcarbamate) Compound R₇

Compound 1 (200 mg, 0.8 mmol) was added to a suspension of K₂CO₃ (458mg, 3.3 mmol) and dimethylcarbamoyl chloride (0.3 mL, 1.7 mmol) in DCM.After stirring at r.t. overnight, the mixture was filtered andevaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was washed by ethyl etherto afford the product as a white solid (53 mg, yield: 15.9%, Lot#:MC0777-38-1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ ppm 8.07 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H),7.82-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.49-7.54(m, 3H), 7.32-7.34 (m, 1H), 6.79 (s, 1H),3.24 (s, 3H), 3.15(s, 3H), 3.11(s, 3H), 3.05(s, 3H). Purity: 98.2% (254nm); MS: 397.0[M+1]⁺

Preparation of 4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl dipropionate CompoundR₄

Compound 1 (200 mg, 0.8 mmol) was added to a suspension of K₂CO₃ (458mg, 3.3 mmol) and propionyl chloride (0.3 mL, 1.7 mmol) in DCM. Afterstiring at r.t. overnight, the mixture was filtered and evaporated underreduced pressure. The residue was washed by ethyl ether to afford theproduct as a yellow solid (51 mg, yield: 17.4%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃): δ ppm 8.13 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.79-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.55(m,3H), 7.25-7.27 (m, 1H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 2.75 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.65(q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.38(t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.31(t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H). Purity:95.5% (254 nm); MS: 367.0 [M+1]⁺

Preparation of diethyl (4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl) dicarbonateCompound R₃

Compound 1 (200 mg, 0.8 mmol) was added to a suspension of K₂CO₃ (458mg, 3.3 mmol) and ethyl chloroformate (0.3 mL, 1.7 mmol) in DCM. Afterstirring at r.t. overnight, the mixture was filtered and evaporatedunder reduced pressure. The residue was washed by ethyl ether to affordthe product as a white solid (50 mg, yield: 15.9%).¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃): δ ppm 8.14 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.85-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.56(m,3H), 7.35-7.38 (m, 1H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 4.35-4.43 (m, 4H), 1.41-1.44(m,6H). Purity: 96.0%(254 nm); MS: 399.0 [M+1]⁺

Preparation of 4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl bis(ethylcarbamate)Compound R₆

Compound 1 (200 mg, 0.8 mmol) was added to a suspension of K₂CO₃ (458mg, 3.3 mmol) and ethyl isocyanate (0.3 mL, 1.7 mmol) in DCM. Afterstirring at r.t. overnight, the mixture was filtered and evaporatedunder reduced pressure. The residue was washed by ethyl ether to affordthe product as a white solid (70 mg, yield: 22.5%).¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃): δ ppm 8.05 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.84-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.47-7.53(m,3H), 7.28-7.30 (m, 1H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 5.45-5.46 (m, 1H), 5.22-5.23 (m,1H), 3.32-3.54 (m, 4H), 1.23-1.30(m, 6H). Purity: 99.8% (254 nm); MS:397.1 [M+1]⁺

Preparation of 4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl diisonicotinatecompound R₁₁

A solution of compound 11-1 (600 mg, 4.9 mmol) in SOCl₂ (20 mL) wasrefluxed overnight under Ar atmosphere. Then the resulting mixture wasevaporated under reduced pressure to remove the SOCl₂, the residue wasused for the next step directly without further purification.

Compound 1 (200 mg, 0.8 mmol) was added to a solution of DMAP (1.2 g,4.8 mmol) and Compound 11-2 (690 mg, 4.9 mmol) in DCM (5 mL), and themixture was stirred at r.t. overnight. The mixture was filtered andevaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was washed by ethyl etherto afford the product as a white solid (80 mg, yield: 21.9%). Theproduct was confirmed by HPLC, LCMS and ¹H NMR. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃): δ ppm 8.89 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 8.83 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 8.28 (d,J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.99-8.00 (m, 2H), 7.91-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.67-7.69 (m, 2H),7.46-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.40 (m, 2H), 6.86(s, 1H). Purity: 93.7% (254nm); MS: 465.0 [M+1]⁺

Preparation of Amino Acid Esters

FIG. 2 illustrates the preparation of certain amino acid derivatives. Toa solution of 2 mmol of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (1) in 10 ml of anhydrouspyridine was added 4 mmol of 2. After cooling in an ice bath, DCC (4mmol) was added and stirring was continued for 24 hours. Dichloromethanewas added and the insoluble byproducts were filtered off. The filtratewas concentrated by rotary evaporation at below 35° C. and was thenevaporated twice from toluene to remove any residual pyridine.Purification by flash silica gel chormatography with hexane/EtOAc(65/35) provided 3 as a white foam or solid.

To a solution of 0.5 mmol 3 in 10 ml of THF was added 10 ml of 4 N HClin dioxane. After stirring overnight, 40 ml of ether was added and thesolid was collected by vacuum filtration to provide 4 as the di or monoHCl salt.

-   2a: R=N-Bocglycine-   2b: R=N-Boc-L-alanine-   2c: R=N-Boc-L-valine-   2d: R=N-Boc-sarcosine-   2e: R=N-Boc-b-Alanine-   2f: R=N-Boc-N-methyl-b-Alanine-   3a: R=N-Bocglycine (25% yield)-   3b: R=N-Boc-L-alanine (60% yield)-   3c: R=N-Boc-L-valine (44% yield)-   3d: R=N-Boc-sarcosine (30% yield)-   3e: R=N-Boc-b-Alanine (80% yield)-   3f: R=N-Boc-N-methyl-b-Alanine (35% yield)-   4a: R=Glycine (89% yield)-   4b: R=L-Alanine (90% yield)-   4c: R=L-Valine (66% yield)-   4d: R=Sarcosine (92% yield)-   4e: R=b-Alanine (93% yield)-   4f: R=N-methyl-b-Alanine (96% yield)

Compound Prepared by a Same or Similar Method as Provided Above4-Oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl-bis(2-aminoacetate) dihydrochloride

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.95 (d, 1H), 7.74 (d, 2H), 7.74 (m, 5H), 6.81(s, 1H), 4.79 (s, 15H), 4.45 (d, 2H), 4.34 (d, 2H), 3.70 (s, 1H). LC90%; MS: calculated: 368.34; found: 396.1 (M+1). Elemental Analysis:calculated C: 49.69, found C: 49.62; MS: calculated H: 4.39, found H:4.45, LC: calculated N 6.10, found: 6.10, calculated Cl: 15.44, foundCl: 15.36.

(2S,2′S)-4-Oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl-bis(2-aminopropanoate)dihydrochloride

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.94 (d, 1H), 7.71 (d, 2H), 7.46 (m, 4H),6.78(s, 1H), 4.77 (m, 2H), 1.83 (d, 3H), 1.76 (d, 3H), 1.45 (m, 1H). LC:0.13 alanine. MS: calculated: 396.36, found: 397.1 (M+1). ElementalAnalysis: calculated C: 52.73, found C: 52.83; MS: calculated H: 4.85,found H: 4.79, LC: calculated N 5.86, found: 5.82, calculated Cl:

14.82, found Cl: 14.90.

4-Oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl-bis(3-aminopropanoate)dihydrochloride

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.73 (d, 1H), 7.71 (m, 2H), 7.50(m, 3H), 7.40(d,1H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 4.83 (m, H), 3.39 (m, 4H), 3.374 (d, 2H), 3.37 (m,2H). LC: 100%. MS: calculated: 396.36, found: 397.1 (M+1). ElementalAnalysis: calculated C: 52.73, found C: 52.55; MS: calculated H: 4.85,found H: 4.80, LC: calculated N 5.86, found: 5.92, calculated Cl: 14.82,found Cl: 14.99.

(2S,2′S)-4-Oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl-bis(2-amino-3-methylbutanoate)Dihydrochloride

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.88 (d, 1H), 7.58 (m, 3H), 7.41 (m, 3H), 6.68(s, 1H), 4.77 (s, H), 4.49 (d, 1H), 4.44 (d, 1H), 2.65 (m, 2H), 1.19 (m,9H), 1.06 (m, 4H). LC: 0.15 eq. valine. MS: calculated: 452.5, found:453.2 (M+1). Elemental Analysis: calculated C: 55.07, found C: 54.87;MS: calculated H: 5.95, found H: 45.82, LC: calculated N 5.14, found:5.22, calculated Cl: 13.00, found Cl: 13.08.

4-Oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl-bis(3-methylaminopropanoate)dihydrochloride

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.94 (d, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.47(m, 3H), 7.39(d, 1H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 4.83 (m, H), 3.43 (m, 4H), 3.28 (d, 2H), 3.21 (m,2H).2.77(s, 3H), 2.72 (s, 3H). LC: 100%. MS: calculated: 424.45, found:425.2 (Parent+1). Elemental Analysis: calculated C: 52.85, found C:53.09; MS: calculated H: 5.44, found H: 5.18, LC: calculated N 5.36,found: 5.30, calculated Cl: 14.92, found Cl: 14.96.

4-Oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl-bis(2-(methylamino)acetate)Dihydrochloride

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.94 (d, 1H), 7.75 (d, 2H), 7.48(m, 5H), 6.80(s, 1H), 4.80 (m, H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 4.53 (d, 2H), 2.93 (d, 7H). LC: 90%.MS: calculated: 396.36, found: fragmented. NMR: Elemental Analysis:calculated C: 53.74, found C: 53.58; calculated H: 4.72, found H: 4.69,LC: calculated N 5.97, found: 5.90, calculated Cl: 15.11, found Cl:15.02.

4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl bis(piperazine-1-carboxylate) and4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diylbis(4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate)

CompoundA—4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diylbis(4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate).To a solution of 1-methylpiperazine (3.9 g, 39.2 mmol) in dry THF (100mL) was added triphosgene (3.9 g, 13.1 mmol) at −78° C. The mixture wasstirred at −78° C. for 1 h, then warmed to 0° C. The solvent was removedunder vacummn, then acetone (100 mL), water (10 mL) and pyridine (10 mL)were added to the residue. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. again andcompound 1 (1.0 g, 3.9 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirredat room temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated and water(100 mL) was added, then extracted with EtOAc (100 mL×3). The combinedorganic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated,and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel(eluent: petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=2/1) to give compound A (0.40 g,yield 20.2%) as a light yellow solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): (ppm)8.08 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 7.53-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.30(d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 3.85-3.58 (m, 8H), 2.53-2.45 (m, 8H),2.39 (s, 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H); >98% at 214 nm, MS (ESI) m/z=507.2 [M+H]⁺.

Compound 2. Procedure was the same as above to give 0.81 g as a whitesolid (30.4% yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): (ppm) 8.10 (d, J=8.7 Hz,1H), 7.81 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.52-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.31(d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H),6.79 (s, 1H), 3.78-3.45 (m, 16H), 1.51 (s, 9H), 1.49 (s, 9H).

CompoundB—4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diylbis(piperazine-1-carboxylate)dihydrochloride. To a solution of compound 2 (0.5 g, 0.74 mmol) indioxane (5 mL) was added 2 M HCl/dioxane (5 mL). The mixture was stirredat room temperature for 2 h. The precipitate was collected by filtrationand then washed with MeOH and Et₂O to give compound B (270.0 mg, yield48.5%, 2 eq. HCl salt) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆):(ppm) 9.78-9.45 (br, 4H), 7.99-7.95 (m, 3H), 7.67-7.63 (m, 3H), 7.51 (d,J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H),4.05-3.70 (m, 8H), 3.27-3.14 (m, 8H); >98%at 214 nm, MS (ESI) m/z=479.1 [M+H]⁺.

Metabolism Studies

Metabolism studies indicate that the catechol group is conjugated byglucuronidation, sulfation and methylation in liver, which leads to thepoor oral bioavailability upon oral administration. A PK study in C57BL6mice shows that 7,8-DHF exhibits approximately 5% oral bioavailability.Most of 7,8-DHF is conjugated and metabolized within 30 min. Derivativeswith various moieties on the catechol group in 7,8-DHF were synthesized.These derivatives were monitored for intestine microsomal stability,liver microsomal stability and plasma stability. In addition, compoundswith favorable chemical stability and Caco-2 permeability were examined.

Notably, R7 is stable in both pH 1.2 and 7.4 buffer, indicating thatthis derivative has desirable chemical stability. R7 and R13 were chosento analyze their in vivo PK profiles. The concentration of 7,8-DHF's inbrain was examined at different time points after oral administrated72.5 mg/kg, which is the molecular equivalent of 50 mg/kg of 7,8-DHF. Inplasma, 7,8-DHF peaked at around 100 min for R13, whereas administrationof the parent compound 7,8-DHF, occurred at 10 min. The oralbioavailability of R13 was around 10%. Prodrug R13 significantlyelongated 7,8-DHF brain availability and the maximal concentrations tookplace at 4 h, while parent 7,8-DHF was not detectable after 4 h (FIG.4).

Carbmate R7 was tested. R7 displays approximately 35% oralbioavailability. 7,8-DHF plasma concentrations from R7 (78 mg/kg about50 mg/kg parent compound dosage) are higher than parent compound,7,8-DHF (50 mg/kg P.O.) upon oral administration. 7,8-DHF was detectablein the plasma at 8 h, indicating the prodrug can sustainably release7,8-DHF in the circulation system. Accordingly, it half-life t ½ isabout 195 min with Tmax=60 min. The Cmax plasma [7,8-DHF] for parent(7,8-DHF) is 70 ng/ml, whereas R7 is 262 ng/ml. The ratio of R7/parentcompound of AUC_(last) is 46949/6500=7.2.

The TrkB signaling in mouse brains was monitored from the in vivo PKstudy. Immunoblotting analysis demonstrates that TrkB and its downstreamp-Akt signalings were potently activated upon oral administration of R7,tightly correlating with 7,8-DHF concentrations in plasma. Thepharmacodynamic (PD) study fits well with the in vivo PK data,underscoring that the released 7,8-DHF from R7 triggers the long-lastingTrkB signalings in mouse brain.

1. A compound having Formula I:

or salts thereof wherein X is O, S, or NH; U and Y are each O, S, NH,Nalkyl, or CH₂; Z is hydrogen, amino, diaminoalkyl, or heterocyclyl suchas pyrrolidinyl optionally substituted with one or more, the same ordifferent, R¹⁵; R¹ is alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino,mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,(alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkyl sulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl,or aryl, wherein R¹ is optionally substituted with one or more, the sameor different, R¹⁵; R² is alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino,mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,(alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkyl sulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl,aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R² is optionally substituted with one ormore, the same or different, R¹⁵; R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ areeach individually and independently hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, nitro,cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy,alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkyl sulfonyl,aryl sulfonyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵,R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are optionally substituted with one or more, the sameor different, R¹⁵; R¹⁵ is independently selected alkyl, halogen, nitro,cyano, hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy,alkylthio, alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl,arylsulfonyl, carbocyclyl, or aryl, wherein R¹⁵ is optionallysubstituted with one or more, the same or different, R¹⁶; and R¹⁶ ishalogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl,amino, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl, methyl, ethyl,methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino, ethylamino,dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino, acetylamino,N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl,N,N-diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl, methylthio, ethylthio,methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, mesyl, ethyl sulfonyl, methoxycarbonyl,ethoxycarbonyl, N-methylsulfamoyl, N-ethylsulfamoyl,N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl, N,N-diethylsulfamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylsulfamoyl,carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl.
 2. The compound of claim 1, whereinU and Y are NH or Nalkyl;
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein U and Yare oxygen.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ and R² are alkyl. 5.The compound of claim 1, selected from:4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl dipropionate;4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl bis(2,2-dimethylpropanoate); diethyl(4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl) dicarbonate;4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl bis(ethylcarbamate);4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl bis(dimethylcarbamate); and4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl bis(3-methylbutanoate) or saltsthereof.
 6. A compound having Formula II:

or salts thereof wherein X is O, S, or NH; Z is hydrogen, amino,diaminoalkyl, or heterocyclyl such as pyrrolidinyl optionallysubstituted with one or more, the same or different, R¹⁵; R¹ and R² area heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one or more, the same ordifferent, R¹⁵; R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are each individually andindependently hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, amino,mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,(alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkyl sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl,carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, andR⁹ are optionally substituted with one or more, the same or different,R¹⁵; R¹⁵ is independently selected alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano,hydroxy, amino, mercapto, formyl, carboxy, carbamoyl, alkoxy, alkylthio,alkylamino, (alkyl)₂amino, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl,carbocyclyl, or aryl, wherein R¹⁵ is optionally substituted with one ormore, the same or different, R¹⁶; and R¹⁶ is halogen, nitro, cyano,hydroxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl, amino, formyl, carboxy,carbamoyl, mercapto, sulfamoyl, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl,acetoxy, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino,N-methyl-N-ethylamino, acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl,N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl, N,N-diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl,methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, mesyl, ethylsulfonyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, N-methylsulfamoyl,N-ethylsulfamoyl, N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl, N,N-diethylsulfamoyl,N-methyl-N-ethylsulfamoyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl.
 7. Thecompound of claim 6, wherein R¹ and R² are pyridinyl.
 8. The compound ofclaim 6 is 4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-7,8-diyl diisonicotinate.
 9. Apharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of as in claims 1-8 anda pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 10. The composition of claim 9,wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a tablet,capsule, pill, or solution for injection.
 11. A method of preventing ortreating a BDNF and TrkB related disease or condition comprising theadministering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition ofclaim 9 or 10, to a subject in need thereof
 12. The method of claim 11wherein the subject is diagnosed with, exhibiting symptoms of, or atrisk of the disease or condition.
 13. The method of claim 11, whereinthe disease or condition is depression, schizophrenia,obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa,anxiety, amytrophic later sclerosis, Autism spectrum disorders,post-traumatic stress disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington'sdisease, Rett syndrome, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, dementia,diabetic neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, obesity, or stroke.
 14. Themethod of claim 11, wherein the disease is depression and thepharmaceutical composition is administered in combination with ananti-depressant.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the anti-depressantis a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor such as citalopram,escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, orvilazodone, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor such asdesvenlafaxine, duloxetine, milnacipran, venlafaxine, a noradrenergicand specific serotonergic antidepressant such as mianserin andmirtazapine, a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor such as atomoxetine,mazindol, reboxetine, viloxazine, a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptakeinhibitor such as bupropion, a selective serotonin reuptake enhancersuch as tianeptine and amineptine, a norepinephrine-dopaminedisinhibitor such as agomelatine, a tricyclic antidepressant such asamitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine,desipramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitorsuch as isocarboxazid, moclobemide, phenelzine, selegiline,tranylcypromine.